Galileo was never tortured, however. The pope decreed that the interrogation should stop short with the mere threat of torture. He died in In his later years Galileo insisted on the truth of the geocentric solar system, Kelly said. Jessica Wolf December 22, Today virtually every child grows up learning that the earth orbits the sun.
The Italian astronomer, physicist and mathematician, Galileo Galilei, died on January 8, at the age of 77 after suffering heart palpitations and a long fever. At the time of his death, Galileo had been under house arrest for 8 years as a result of having held to the opinion that the sun remains motionless and that the earth revolves around it.
He was found guilty by the inquisition in Rome for defending the Copernican theory of heliocentrism, after it had been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. A few years before his death, during his house arrest and only months before he became completely blind, Galileo made his last telescopic discovery and determined that the moon exhibits monthly wobbles on its axis. Harvey Milk, the first openly gay elected official in the history of California, takes his place on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors on January 8, The first and, for years, most visible openly gay politician in America, Milk was a longtime activist and pioneering Just two weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, U.
In September , an impressive American naval victory on Lake Champlain forced invading British forces On January 8, , Gabrielle Giffords, a U. Six people died in the attack and another 13, including Over 2, dignitaries, including President John F. Kennedy, came out that evening to view the famous painting. The next day, the On January 8, , Allied forces stage a full retreat from the shores of the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey, ending a disastrous invasion of the Ottoman Empire.
The Gallipoli Campaign resulted in , Allied casualties and greatly discredited Allied military command. On January 8, , Oglala Lakota warrior Crazy Horse and his men—outnumbered, low on ammunition and forced to use outdated weapons to defend themselves—fight their final losing battle against the U. That same year, he also refined his theories on motion and falling objects, and developed the universal law of acceleration, which all objects in the universe obeyed. He also devised a type of simple thermometer.
A simple glass-bulb thermometer known as a Galileo thermometer wasn't invented by Galileo, but was based on his understanding that the density of liquids changes based on its temperature.
A thermoscope that Galileo designed or helped to design is similar to modern-day thermometers. Inside the thermoscope, a liquid rises and falls in a glass tube as the temperature of the liquid rises or falls.
After Galileo built his telescope in , he began mounting a body of evidence and openly supporting the Copernican theory that the earth and planets revolve around the sun.
The Copernican theory, however, challenged the doctrine of Aristotle and the established order set by the Catholic Church. In , Galileo wrote a letter to a student to explain how Copernican theory did not contradict Biblical passages, stating that scripture was written from an earthly perspective and implied that science provided a different, more accurate perspective. The letter was made public and Church Inquisition consultants pronounced Copernican theory heretical.
Galileo obeyed the order for seven years, partly to make life easier and partly because he was a devoted Catholic. He allowed Galileo to pursue his work on astronomy and even encouraged him to publish it, on condition it be objective and not advocate Copernican theory. Church reaction was swift, and Galileo was summoned to Rome. During most of this time, Galileo was treated with respect and never imprisoned.
However, in a final attempt to break him, Galileo was threatened with torture, and he finally admitted he had supported Copernican theory, but privately held that his statements were correct. He was convicted of heresy and spent his remaining years under house arrest. Though ordered not to have any visitors nor have any of his works printed outside of Italy, he ignored both.
In , a French translation of his study of forces and their effects on matter was published, and a year later, copies of the Dialogue were published in Holland. By this time, Galileo had become blind and was in poor health. In , it lifted the ban on most works supporting Copernican theory.
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