According to one estimate from the NIH, 6. Although studies on glucosamine and chondroitin have been mixed, some evidence suggests they may help relieve OA joint pain and stiffness. Glucosamine and chondroitin are natural compounds found in healthy cartilage -- the connective tissue that cushions joints. Supplements are manufactured from the cartilage of animals such as cows, pigs, or shellfish, or are made in a lab.
Glucosamine is sold in different forms, including glucosamine sulfate and glucosamine hydrochloride. In many European countries, these supplements are a prescribed treatment for OA. In the U. In OA, the gradual degeneration of cartilage leads to pain, swelling, and other symptoms.
Glucosamine and chondroitin have anti-inflammatory properties. Glucosamine and chondroitin protect cells called chondrocytes, which help maintain cartilage structure. In theory, these supplements have the potential to slow cartilage deterioration in the joints, and to reduce pain in the process.
In follow-up results of the study released in , these supplements improved pain and function, although no better than a placebo or the NSAID drug celecoxib. A multinational study called the MOVES trial found the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin as effective at relieving knee OA pain and swelling as celecoxib, without the side effects.
And another study found the combination helped reduce joint space narrowing--a sign of cartilage degeneration. Reviews of studies have yielded mixed results about these supplements. The difference in outcomes may be due to the variety of supplement types and doses researchers used.
Studies have also differed on which of these supplements offers the greatest benefit for OA. Some find chondroitin to be superior, others favor glucosamine, while still others prefer a combination of the two. The ideal form of glucosamine has also caused dissent in the research community. Some studies show an advantage to glucosamine sulfate; others to glucosamine hydrochloride. One study that compared the two glucosamine forms head to head found no real difference between them.
Mayo Clinic researchers agree, saying that evidence supports trying glucosamine sulfate — not hydrochloride — with or without chondroitin sulfate for knee OA. Glucosamine and chondroitin are considered safe, with no serious side effects reported in studies. However, these supplements can interact with blood thinners like warfarin Coumadin. They might also affect blood sugar levels, and one small study found they raise eye pressure, which could increase the risk for glaucoma.
If you have diabetes or glaucoma, you may need to avoid these supplements, or have your doctor monitor your blood sugar levels and eye pressure more closely while you take them. That means that there isn't strong evidence that benefits outweigh risk, but the supplement could be helpful for people with OA.
Also, be patient. Glucosamine and chondroitin can cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as bloating, constipation, diarrhea, gas, nausea, and stomach pain. The supplement combo may also cause puffy eyes and hair loss. Dealing with chronic inflammation? An anti-inflammatory diet can help.
Our free recipe guide shows you the best foods to fight inflammation. Get yours today! Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Low levels of human serum glucosamine after ingestion of glucosamine sulphate relative to capability for peripheral effectiveness. Ann Rheum Dis. Dahmer S, Schiller RM.
Am Fam Physician. Combined chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine for painful knee osteoarthritis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial versus celecoxib. Daniel O. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for VerywellHealth. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page. These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data.
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Frequently Asked Questions Does glucosamine and chondroitin work for knee pain? Are glucosamine and chondroitin safe? Do glucosamine and chondroitin have side effects? Results of the Glucosamine Arthritis Intervention Trial. This means that our staff combines expert medication therapy management and clinical skills, with caring, patient centered pharmacy services.
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